Finance Analysis Essay

Nike continues its lead based on this test. | †¢ Both companies have a ratio higher than the dangerous 1. 0 acid test ratio. Both companies are able to pay their current liabilities. †¢ This test shows that Under Armour is more financially stable. †¢ Another conclusion that can be based on this test is that Under Armour`s current assets are more dependent on inventory than Nike`s current assets| Conclusion: Basing ourselves on the acid test ratio we concluded that both companies have no liquidity issues and are able to maintain their liquidity far above the required minimum. There was a change in the leading position from 2009-2010. Nike improved their liquidity and took the lead. Another conclusion about the business styles of the two companies is the fact that Under Armour keeps a higher dependency of current assets on inventory, which is more typical for retail store businesses. 2. Profitability | Comparison between Nike & Under Armour| | 2010| 2009| Gross Profit Margin| The gross profit margin of both companies is almost the same. Still Under Armour show a higher GPM than Nike. There are no large fluctuations in the GPM which is always a good sign for the stability of the companies. | The gross profit margin of both companies is almost the same. Still Under Armour show a higher GPM than Nike. | Net Profit Margin| Nike leads in the net profit margin categoryThere is an apparent difference between the leadership in GPM and NPM | Nike leads in the net profit margin categoryThere is an apparent difference between the leadership in GPM and NPM| Ratio of Net Sales to Assets| Under Armour leads in this categoryUnder Armour has a higher effectiveness of assets in respect to sales. Under Armour leads in this categoryUnder Armour has a higher effectiveness of assets in respect to sales| Rate Earned on Total Assets| Nike is the leader in this categoryNike maintains a higher return on its investments which means that its management team is more effective. | Nike is the leader in this categoryNike maintains a higher return on its investments which means that its managem ent team is more effective. | Conclusion: Both companies show a big gross profit margin during both years. The lack of fluctuations in the GPM suggests that there were no major changes in the sports apparel industry and its development is fairly stable. The huge differences in net profit margin show that the marketing/administration costs of sports apparel companies are big. This also implies that operating costs and cost of goods sold of sports apparel companies is relatively low. Under Armour has a lower Rate Earned on Total Assets and a smaller growth based on a year to year comparison. This may be a result of bad managerial decisions or less effective managerial team. Based on the leverage Nike is a better choice for investment in comparison to Under Armor. 3. Solvency | Comparison between Nike & Under Armour| | 2010| 2009| Solvency Ratio| Both companies have solvency ratios that are far above the critical 20%. Nike has a little bit higher solvency ratio than Under Armour. The problem is that the solvency ratio of Nike has fallen with almost 2% for one year. | Both companies have solvency ratios that are far above the critical 20%. Nike has a little bit higher solvency ratio than Under Armour. Working Capital| Nike has a much larger working capital which is understandable based on the size of the two companies. Nevertheless Under Armour shows a larger percentage increase in Working Capital in comparison to 2009 (UA 24% Increase, NIKE – 18% Increase)| Nike has a much larger working capital which is understandable based on the size of the two companies. | Conclusion: Nike & Under Armour show a high solvency ratio which means that they are capable of meeting their debt obligations. The solvency ratio in Under Armour is lower, but on the other hand the company shows a fairly constant rise in these criteria. Nike lost some of its solvency during 2010. The size of the two companies and the stage of development in which they are result in large differences in the amount of working capital. Again Under Armour shows a higher growth of working capita, 24% compared to the 17% growth in Nike. 4. Cash flow adequacy | Comparison between Nike & Under Armour| | 2010| 2009| Cash flow adequacy ratio| Nike clears its cash problems and increases its cash flow adequacy ratio to a sufficient level. In contrast Under Armour loses its advantage and falls below the critical 1. ratio. A sign of potential liquidity problems in the future. | Under Armour showed a sufficient amount of cash to cover its obligation during the year. In comparison Nike fell under the 1. 0 level which is a sign of potential liquidity problems| Conclusion: There are a lot of changes in both companies based on these criteria. Nike raised their cash flow adequacy ratio to normal levels that may increase the trust in the company. On the other hand Under Armour shows a disturbing 2010 Cash Flow adequacy ratio that may be a sign for future liquidity problems. . Asset utilization | Comparison between Nike & Under Armour| | 2010| 2009| Cash flow adequacy ratio| Nike clears its cash problems and increases its cash flow adequacy ratio to a sufficient level. In contrast Under Armour loses its advantage and falls below the critical 1. 0 ratio. A sign of potential liquidity problems in the future. | Under Armour showed a sufficient amount of cash to cover its obligation during the year. In comparison Nike fell under the 1. 0 level which is a sign of potential liquidity problems|

Anti Discrimination Essay

Anti-discrimination occurs when a person is treated less preferred than others because of their age, gender, ethnicity, disability or religion. Anti-discrimination also refers to the law on the right of people to be treated equally. Three anti-discrimination laws include: Racial Discrimination Act 1975 Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Disability Discrimination Act 1992 The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 is an Act relating to discrimination in employment, the public education system, delivery of goods and services, and other services such as banking, health care, property and night clubs. The Act helps unlawful racial, sexual and other types of discrimination in certain circumstances and promotes equality of opportunity for all people. The Act was granted Royal Assent on 28 April 1977 and came into effect on 1 June 1977. It was the 48th Act of 1977. Since then the Act has been amended and reformed about 90 times Racial Discrimination happens when someone is treated less fairly than someone else in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin. Racial discrimination can also happen when a policy or rule appears to treat everyone in the same way but actually has an unfair effect on more people of a particular race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin than others. Since the Act was passed in 1975, over 10,500 complaints have been received. The power of the national Parliament to pass this over-riding law arises under the â€Å"external affairs† power contained in the Australian Constitution. The power arose from the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination to which Australia is a treaty. This use of the power in this manner was confirmed in the landmark High Court decision in 1982. Disability Discrimination is when people with disabilities face huge social barriers at jobs, education and access to government. Disabilities also increase the chance of violence and other extreme forms of discrimination,  as well as banished from family and institutionalization. In the 1960s and 1970s, young activists and scholars organized a disability rights movement to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities, modeled after other civil rights movements. In general, the legal rights and responsibilities of employees in relation with anti-discrimination may include that you have the same right to training, promotion and work benefits as other employees e.g. if you have a disability, employers must provide you with any special facilities or services you need to access training, promotion or work benefits, as long as this won’t cause them unjustifiable hardship. You generally have the right to stay on in your job if you have a disability, or you acquire a di sability after you begin the job. An employer can only dismiss you, medically retire you or make you redundant because of your disability. As when you apply for a job, your employer must provide any special facilities or services you need to continue to do your job, as long as this won’t cause them unjustifiable hardship. If there are non-essential parts of your job that you can’t do, your employer must make arrangements to cover these in some other way. As for Race Discrimination you have the right to report any incidents if a person has harassed/bullied you this might include: your race, color, nationality, descent, ethnic or ethno-religious background of any of your relatives, friends, associates or work colleagues. If this does occur these penalties can be brought up to court for a trial. Problems faced by people affected by Anti-Discrimination might include African Americans who are called names who are harshly abused and harassed because of their race and their skin colour. All over the world, as a society we have been unable to accept being classified under one label. Our place as a racial state has changed throughout history, but still remains a mix of two ideas, racial dictatorship and racial hegemony, working to becoming a racial democracy. In the beginning, and for most of its history, from 1607 to 1865, most non-whites were firmly eliminated from politics. The racial dictatorship organized the â€Å"color line† rendering it the fundamental division in society. These â€Å"color lines† seem to be most prevalent in institutions where the color of your skin determined where you lived, what school you attended, and where you sat in restaurants and public transportation. It took real people from different cultures and grouped them into one generalized category. Instead of being labeled as your country of origin or where you lived, like (Americans) or (Africans), they were simply labeled black, therefore making them seem inferior to the dominant race. By grouping them into one category of little meaning, it takes away from their individuality and culture. The dominant group, in this case the United States, survives by a mixture of forcing and giving permission. For instance, blacks were given the right to education, however the level of education received by blacks compared to whites is different. Far more white people attend higher education institutions as opposed to blacks. Of all the students enrolled in higher education institutions, 70 percent of them were white while the remaining 30 percent of students. There is a large disparity in these numbers, however compared to a couple of decades ago, minorities, especially blacks, weren’t even allowed to attend school. Minorities’ attendance is even on the increase while white a ttendance in higher education is decreasing. Between 1991 and 1995, while the white enrollment was decreasing the black enrollment was increased by 9 percent. In the past the minority population made significantly less than the dominant race, and unfortunately it is still that way. While the gap is closing in disparity, there is still a huge jump in the earning of whites compared to those of blacks. Between 1980 and 1984, white men aged 18-64 made and hourly wage of $2.10 while there black counterparts only made an hourly wage of $1.86. (These men were performing similar jobs and yet the white male still made more earning than the black male. What also helped to close the gap was the black race was becoming educated and therefore more skilled. They were able to attend school now and become knowledgably in their skills and therefore make more money. These statistics should help to show that while racial disparity still exists, our dictatorship still exists but not as openly as in the past. For instance, real estate agents are more likely to point a white couple in the direction of white neighborhoods and a black couple in the direction of a black neighborhood. While helping them both equally, they are dictating where the couple’s should end up. Until politics serves the people and not the politician’s motives, we will never reach a racial democracy. As long as people are still saying discrimination, we will never reach a racial democracy. These problems were resolved since the Act was passed in 1975; over 10,500 complaints have been received. The power of the national  Parliament to pass this over-riding law arises under the â€Å"external affairs† power contained in the Australian Constitution. The power arose from the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination to which Australia is a treaty. This use of the power in this manner was confirmed in the landmark High Court decision in 1982. The Civil rights act 1964 was enacted to ensure that people in protected classes were not treated differently when it came to employment decisions, such as hiring, promotions and termination. Companies had policies that openly discriminated against employees for reasons, such as color or sex that were not related to the quality of job performance. In order to make the workplace equitable in its treatment of all employees, the government made it illegal to consider the protected classes in work-related decisions. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) received more than 93,000 complaints of discrimination in fiscal year 2009. An employer may not intend to treat employees differently, but an employee behavior may have the impact of discrimination. For example, someone telling a sexually laced joke may not intend to harass an employee, but the impact of the conversation may have led to a hostile work environment. Employees who experience discrimination in the workplace may suffer from low morale, which directly impacts work performance. If employees do not feel valued for the work that they do, then they will not be motivated to continue to perform at a satisfactory or above satisfactory level. These employees may be more likely to seek jobs in other companies or to file discrimination complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Although the EEOC filled just over 300 lawsuits out of the 93,000 complaints it received in 2009, the time and money used to respond to complaints may impact the company’s profits. Also, a complainant may receive a â€Å"right to sue† letter from the EEOC. This gives the employee the ability to sue in court for discrimination, whether the charges are true or false. Again, the expense to a company may be greater than if it had implemented policies and workplace behavior expectations that would give everyone a clear mind on what to do and what not to do. Having a policy that forbids harassing  behaviors by employees shows that the company is proactive in protecting the rights of all employees. Disciplining or firing employees or members of management who have been proven to act in a discriminatory manner is a good defense against a claim of disparate treatment. This could help the company avoiding the expense and bad publicity which could be a great help at the end. Anti-Discrimination helps a lot of people around the people not only from work; it helps people from schools, shows and movies. It gives everyone a equal fairness on how they should get treated, and this why I think anti-discrimination is a great solution to make a world a better place. Bibliography www.antidiscrimination.gov.au www.wikipedia.org www.antidiscrimination.lawlink.nsw.gov.au www.humanrights.gov.au www.antidiscrimination.tas.gov.au/ www.ag.gov.au www.lawcouncil.asn.au www.adcq.qld.gov.au www.adc.nt.gov.au www.usq.edu.au www.thefreedictionary.com www.dictionary.com www.business.gov.au

Thomas Jeffersons Presidency Essay - 1121 Words

Thomas Jefferson was the third American President. Due to the fact that he was such an early President, he influenced our political system greatly, both in the short and long term with his seemingly quiet approach to congressional matters. During his presidency, many things happened that changed the United States as we know it. He coordinated the Louisiana Purchase, assisted in implementing the twelfth amendment, formed the character of the modern American President, and cut the U.S.’s war debt by a third. Jefferson came into office on March 4, 1801 and left office on March 4, 1809. His first term’s vice president was Aaron Burr, and his second term’s vice president was George Clinton. He ran with the Democratic-Republican Party and†¦show more content†¦While he was in office he suppressed the power of the Federalists quite well and even beat Charles Pinckney in the presidential election of 1804 by an electoral vote of 162-14. Understandably, after h is term ended, the Federalists were able to seize more power, but that hasn’t kept the Jeffersonian Democracy from influencing us today. Even though Jefferson was very opposed to loose interpretation of the constitution and judicial expansion under John Marshal, he did discard his strict principles from time to time when it became necessary. â€Å"Self-preservation—the first law of nature and nations—took precedence over the constitutional limitations that he scrupulously observed in peacetime.† This is especially true in the case of the Louisiana Purchase. Americans were expanding westward and needed a port for transport on the Mississippi, so Spain allowed them to use New Orleans. In 1801 Louisiana was ceded to France by Spain. France was not as cooperative as Spain and closed the port of New Orleans to the U.S. Therefore, a sudden disruption in trade was a legitimate cause for tension between the U.S. and France, and many people believed that a wa r would break out if the Americans did not buy New Orleans. Thomas Jefferson himself thought troubles wereShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson s Presidential Election939 Words   |  4 Pagesafter Thomas Jefferson’s presidential election can easily support that Jefferson was not completely consistent with his philosophical ideas. From the Louisiana Purchase to the Barbary pirate’s war, and economic issues can help argue that Thomas Jefferson wasn’t such a consistent president. Although it can be argued that his imposition of the Alien and Sedition Acts was a gratifying action, it can’t compare to the everlasting aftermath of those three main inconsistencies. Essentially, Thomas JeffersonRead MoreThomas Jefferson And His Achievements And Political Decisions1262 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, one of the most well-known presidents in American history, was the third president of the United States, and was known as one of the Founding Fathers, for he is one of the principle authors of the famous Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson is an important factor of the development of the United States. This leading figured has influenced the prosperity of the America’s with his achievements and political decisions, regarding the United States JosephRead MoreThe Relationship Of Thomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence1563 Words   |  7 Pageswas hypocritical when it came to his ideas of freedom about slaves in America. Thomas Jefferson didn’t grant African American slaves their rights when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. He owned slaves on his plantation which goes against the American freedoms that he wrote about in the Declaration. Jeffersons personal relationships with his slaves affected the way that he viewed African Americans. Thomas Jefferson owned slaves and he was born into a family that had slavery and was veryRead MoreThe Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson948 Words   |  4 Pagesthomas Jefferson The Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential presidents of the United States. Along with his successes and failures he proved to be a great president by leaving his legacy’s behind. A legacy is something someone has had handed down or left for future generations. Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential people that left their legacies behind because his presidency commenced the quarter century rule of the Virginia Dynasty. He wasRead MoreEssay about Biography of President Thomas Jefferson1502 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States is one of the more lauded, revered, criticized, and respected presidents of all time. In fact, he’s better to be seen as two people: a quiet and secluded philosopher, and an informal, public and loud president; it just so happens that these conflicting personalities found their home inside of Thomas Jefferson. This paper shall cover how come these personalities came into conflict so often, by examining his philosophies, the actions he tookRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Revolutionary War1050 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Declaration of Independence, which would become the law of the American land. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were two influential individuals, who were originally involved in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Both were involved in the political side of the Revolutionary war, but when speaking of it, told alternate versions of the war. As they approached the end of their lives, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams dedicated themselves to telling extremely differentiating versions of theRead MoreThe Presidency Of Thomas Jefferson Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Presidency of Thomas Jefferson By: Hayden Osborne The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson- Written by Forrest McDonald, published by the University Press of Kansas in 1976, 169 pages excluding the appendix, 201 pages including the appendix. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson outlines our third President’s youth, his time as Secretary of State under George Washington, as well as his time in office. However, due to the length of this book, my focus will lie on section two, titled The Republican Tack:Read MoreAnalysis Of The Apostle Of Republican Liberty760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apostle of Republican Liberty stresses the accomplishments and republican vision of Thomas Jefferson which made America become a thriving nation of small, independent farmers, avoiding manufacturing and world trade, and becoming the richest and most powerful nation in the world in the 19th century. Eugene R. Sheridan focuses on Jefferson’s influence in Americas early development. Jefferson is the greatest and most intellectually consistent founding father, both respected and criticized inRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Civil Rights During The Jeffersonian Era992 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Jeffersonian Era, there was a dramatic role switch between Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President Thomas Jefferson. Some historians argue that Jefferson was hypocritical in his administration, while others argue that he was simply being practical and pragmatic. During his tenure as Secretary of State, Jefferson heavily opposed Alexander Hamilton’s fiscal policy, mainly the funding on war debts. An avid participant of the Democratic-Republican party, Jefferson favored states’Read MoreThe Second President Of The United States953 Words   |  4 Pagesmost influential and devoted people in American history, Thomas Jefferson. He published many works that expressed his views of how to strengthen government in America and put power in the hands o f the citizens (Wagoner, 2004, pg.19). Throughout my learning experience, Jefferson has been one of the three presidents, besides Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln, who I have gained an interest in because of what he accomplished during his presidency and his advocacy for a better system of government in the

Robert Browning s The Ring And The Book - 2333 Words

Although the early part of Robert Browning’s creative life was spent in comparative obscurity, he has come to be regarded as one of the most important poets of the Victorian period. His dramatic monologues and the psycho-historical epic The Ring and the Book (1868-1869), a novel in verse, have established him as a major figure in the history of English poetry. His claim to attention as a children’s writer is more modest, resting as it does almost entirely on one poem, â€Å"The Pied Piper of Hamelin,† included almost as an afterthought in Bells and Pomegranites. No. III.—Dramatic Lyrics (1842) and evidently never highly regarded by its creator. Nevertheless, â€Å"The Pied Piper† moved quickly into the canon of children’s literature, where it has remained ever since, receiving the dubious honor (shared by the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen and J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, 1911) of appearing almost as frequently in â€Å"adaptedâ⠂¬  versions as in the author’s original. Browning was born on 7 May 1812 in Camberwell, a middle-class suburb of London; he was the only son of Robert Browning, a clerk in the Bank of England, and a devoutly religious German-Scotch mother, Sarah Anna Wiedemann Browning. He had a sister, Sarianna, who like her parents was devoted to her poet brother. While Mrs. Browning’s piety and love of music are frequently cited as important influences on the poet’s development, his father’s scholarly interests and unusual educational practices may have been equallyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Annabel Lee By Edgar Allan Poe1235 Words   |  5 PagesAnnabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe was inspired by the women that had passed away in his life, but since Poe had written the poem after his wife s death, it is probably more about her. In Porphyria s Lover by Robert Browning, there was no real inspiration except the fact he was just very into dramatic love. Robert Browni ng in the impulsive Porphyria s Lover and Edgar Allan Poe in the somber Annabel Lee explore the theme of complicated love all throughout their poems and also their use of visualRead Moremeeting at night1124 Words   |  5 Pagesdegrees, Liu Yueqin (Ã¥ Å'Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¤ ½ ) å…‰ç” µÃ§ ³ »02ç º § 刘æÅ"ˆç  ´ 023214276Ã¥  · Abstract: This essay takes Robert Browning’s poem Meeting at night for its subject. With the usage of end rhyme, alliteration and repetition, vivid description, coordination and personification, the poem creates aesthetic pleasure and shows the joys and fears of the characters. Key words: love, meeting, night, joys, fears â…  . Brief account of the author Robert Browning (1812-1889) is noted for his mastery of dramatic monologue. He was born inRead MoreEssay on Historical People from the Victorian Era876 Words   |  4 Pagesvillage and how the everyday lives for the characters looks like. The novel is not about life threatening situations but more about the difficulties for the old ways to coexist with the new ways which is getting harder due to the industrialism. In the book there are two main characters, a young woman called Mary Smith and her older friend Matilda Jenkyns. Hard Times Hard Times was written by Charles Dickens and was publish 1854. It suggests how the industrial revolution can turn humans in to machinesRead MoreMeeting at Night Intrinsic Analysis3154 Words   |  13 Pagesits construction and each meaning. In this paper, the writers will analyze the poem of Robert Browning titled MEETING AT NIGHT. 1.2 Purposes of The Study The purpose of this paper is to know and get a deep analysis of poetic elements which is intrinsic elements used by Robert Browning in this poem, MEETING AT NIGHT. And the writers using figurative languages analyze and reveal what Robert wanted to say. 1.3 Scope of the Study In this paper, the writersRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagescategorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. The most important manuscripts are the four great poetical codices of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, known as the Cà ¦dmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth. Beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg FragmentRead MoreIndian Writing in English- Nissim Ezekiel5284 Words   |  22 Pagesnames like Agha Shahid Ali, Sujata Bhatt, Richard Crasta, Yuyutsu Sharma and Vikram Seth. In modern times, Indian poetry in English was typified by two very different poets. Dom Moraes, winner of the Hawthornden Prize at the age of 19 for his first book of poems A Beginning went on to occupy a pre-eminent position among Indian poets writing in English. Nissim Ezekiel, who came from Indias tiny Bene Israel Jewish community, created a voice and place for Indian poets writing in English and championedRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagesbeing one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of the films we watch. Starting in 1920, Adolph Zukor, head of Paramount PicturesRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 Pageswith â€Å"transparent rock† (presumably mica). First known use of controlled environment agriculture. Other such structures described during 1st century. *23-79 A.D. – Pliny â€Å"The Elder† (Gaius Plinius Secundus) wrote Naturalis Historia, a series of 37 books. Books 12-27 covered botany, agriculture, horticulture and pharmacology. He talked about the use of â€Å"straw caps† (mulch) to protect young plants. *~300 A.D. Rome – Roses were forced to flower early by the addition of warm water into the irrigation ditchesRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagestextbook appear on appropriate page within the text. Microsoft ® and Windows ® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright  ©2012, 2009, 2005, 2002, 1999 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reservedRead MoreIrish Restaurant Concept10856 Words   |  44 Pagesdecorated with oil canvases of the Clonalis House and its views, watercolor of Irish countryside, and replica portraits of the O’Conors, the property’s original owner, to blend the atmosphere with the history of the Clonalis House. In addition, shelves of books will be installed on one section of the wall to mimic the library in the Clonalis House. In addition, rattan tables and chairs with tables will be used to maintain wooden texture as the traditional Irish and at the same time soften the overall

Breast Cancer Cancer And Cancer - 1471 Words

Breast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. According to statistics in 2011 which measured the abundance of breast cancer in the UK, 50,285 new cases of breast cancer were confirmed with 98% being female and 2% male, these statistics show that the disease is more problematic in females which may result from differences in breast formation or hormonal and genetic differences. Definition of Breast Cancer The breast is a tissue overlaying the Pectoral muscles sitting in-front of the ribs. It is composed of 20 lobes consisting of milk producing lobules and ducts that transport milk to the nipple. Surrounding the lobules are fat globules and fibrous tissue. The breasts consist of many blood vessels supplying a continuous supply of oxygenated blood and lymph vessels that are connected to cluster of lymph nodes aiding in trapping bacteria and cancerous cells. (Copper 1990) Breast cancer is simply cancer that inhabits the tissues inside the breast resulting from random mutations in specific genes or from over expression of certain sexShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can devel op breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledge the health beings of a women is quite scary knowing that in about 1 in 8 women in the U.S will develop breast cancer. By this year of 2016 going into 2017 there will approximately be 246,660 cases found. The 20th century is described to be the cancer century. One main cancer I wanted to talk about that has my full attention was breast cancer. The important ways of looking at breast cancer as a tremendous problem is because we are losing our women to this disease. Categorizing the main issues toRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Stein man Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. 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First step is to know what you are dealing with when your doctor believes you have cancer, you will want to know what cancer is and how your doctor can detect it. Next your doctor will go over different stages of breast cancer that will help come to a conclusionRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1714 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although manyRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when aRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer912 Words   |  4 Pagesinvasive breast cancer in their lifetime. In 2016, a projected 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer are estimated to be detected, along with an additional 61,000 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. There are greater than 2.8 million women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States, including women presently being treated and women who have completed treatment. Research developments over the past twenty years have ultimately alter ed the prognosis of breast cancer care. In

Malpractice Liability of Radiology Reports

Question: Discuss about the Malpractice Liability of Radiology Reports. Answer: Introduction: The reporting in radiology calls for medical and legal responsibilities in areas such as communication, observation, interpretation, analysis, and giving appropriate advice and recommendations to the patient and the relevant medical personnel. It is important that radiologists maintain a high level of medical and legal commitment when carrying out imaging procedures and making the reports to avoid medical and legal implications. The duty of care in radiology reporting refers to the legal obligation imposed on radiologists that require them to adhere to the standards of reasonable medical care when carrying out imaging and reporting. When a plaintiff is filing a legal complaint, the duty of care is the first element to be established, indicating that the radiologist who is the defendant has breached it through negligence (Booth, Jackson, Wardlaw, Taylor Waldman, 2014).The essay will focus on the responsibilities and the consequences of negligence in radiology. To begin with, effective incident reporting should be adhered to by all personnel involved in radiology to enhance communication among radiologists, technicians, colleagues, nurses and patients and any referrers involved. Among the health personnel, interpretation and reporting of radiologic reports and results for the purpose of interventional procedures should be transmitted in time after being carefully proofread to reduce typographical errors, conflicting or confusing statements, accidentally omitted words, and appropriate use of abbreviations. With the patient, the radiologists reports should be communicated in confidence and in a manner that the patient fully understands so that they can have the right information to make appropriate medical decisions (Berlin, Murphy Singh, 2014). Failure to adhere to proper incident reporting guidelines would result in a potential misdiagnosis and this would call for a malpractice lawsuit. In 2013, there was a communication error in the Unive rsity of Maryland Medical Centre whereby following the death of a 77-year old woman, her daughter filed a wrongful death lawsuit against the radiologist for failing to report the staph infection that led to her death and failure to advise that the woman needed to minimize body movement. The radiologist was found guilty and had to award the daughter $ 1,341,000. Therefore, adequate communication should be maintained between radiologists, technicians, colleagues, nurses, and patients to avoid any confusion that might arise in the process. Moreover, to produce x-rays that are of a diagnostic quality, it is a legal requirement that the medical personnel has appropriate skills and training to provide standard care for the patients. They ought to be in a position to evaluate the quality and suitability of the images and link them to a possible diagnosis. Radiologists should be able to identify incomplete or suboptimal images with incidences such as inadequate sequences to facilitate an MRI study. They must have the technical knowledge of determining to what extent such cases would affect the accuracy of a diagnosis and whether the patient needs to be summoned for another imaging. Lack of such knowledge would greatly put the patient at the risk of a misdiagnosis; the consequences could be fatal since the patient is susceptible to deterioration and even death (Weiss, Kim, Branstetter Prevedello, 2014). The medical personnel involved risks facing a lawsuit because of their negligence. In June 2011, a radiologist failed to n otice a malignant nodular density in a mans lung and when the man came back a year later complaining of chest pains it was then discovered that he had cancer all along but cancer had already metastasized and he died four months later. The mans estate brought a malpractice lawsuit against the radiologists and the jury ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded them $691,565 (Baker, 2014). Therefore, medical personnel requires necessary skills that will help in identifying and responding to the needs of the patients to avoid lawsuits like the one discussed above. In addition, the initial assessment of a patients identification report should be keenly cross checked to determine and confirm the type of examination required. Radiologists as trained observers are required by the law to use passive and active observation techniques and accurately distinguish between normal findings and variants, abnormal findings that are either unanticipated or anticipated. Failure to keenly observe and take note of important details in patients identification reports and radiologists reports could result in a false interpretation of a patients condition and an accurate diagnosis of the patient would not be made (Babu Brooks, 2015). A misdiagnosis would result in administering the wrong kind of treatment or even failure to carry out any treatment and this would be harmful to the patient and could even worsen their health condition. Subsequently, the radiologists and medical personnel involved would face legal repercussions and a possible lawsuit against them (Lev ineKressel, 2016). Furthermore, upon conducting radiology, the findings are evaluated to establish the imaging features such as the shape, enhancement pattern, density, contour, echogenicity and signal intensity to formulate an expert opinion about the condition of the patient. If at all the findings indicate an active pathological process the imaging features are further analyzed to narrow down on the diagnosis (Halpin, 2014). The results are then related to other medical factors to establish their relevance to the patient under review. It is a legal requirement that extensive medical knowledge is applied to come to a specific diagnosis that will facilitate consequent clinical decisions. The basis of the knowledge could be in areas such as the possible disease the patient could be suffering from and linking it to their demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and their radiological, laboratory, pathological and clinical tests. In addition, the law requires that previous imaging findings sh ould be reviewed and any supplementary information that may be substantial in making a radiology opinion. This should come from the referring clinician specifically or through laboratory findings and histology reports (Bossuyt et al. 2015). Failure to follow this radiology analysis and medical interpretation guidelines will deter the establishment of an appropriate medical opinion. In May 2011, a man underwent a chest x-ray after the physician had ordered it and the radiologist reported that he had a minor condition and was discharged. One year later, it was discovered that the radiologist failed to sufficiently analyze and interpret his findings and missed a lung cancer diagnosis. After a court trial, the jury found the radiologist guilty and the plaintiff was awarded $2,600,000 (Cronin Rawson, 2016). Lastly, the radiologists need to advise the referring physicians and patients accordingly. If a definite diagnosis is established, it should be considered appropriate for the patients treatment. If there is any level of uncertainty or doubt about the quality of imaging, accuracy, and applicability of the technique used, it should be clearly outlined in the report. Recommendations for further investigation should be made where the radiology report does not provide for sufficient diagnosis. In addition, where a patient is not comfortable during imaging the radiologists should advise and suggest other measures be taken for the investigation. Failure to give proper advice and recommendations would result in physicians failing to assess the patients condition effectively (Grieve, Plumb Khan, 2014). In October 2011, radiologists failed to discover an arteriovenous malformation on the spine of a 14-year old girl due to the young girls discomfort in the MRI machine. Later on, the malformati on bled out and caused damaged to her spinal cord, rendering her paralyzed from the waist downwards. Had the radiologists advised the physician to have the patient sedated during the MRI, she would have been stable enough for the detection of the malformation. The girls parent sued the entire medical center for medical negligence and was awarded $6,400,000 (Baker, Patel, Yang, LelkesCastro,2013). In conclusion, the essay has discussed on the responsibilities and the consequences of negligence in radiology. In this case, all medical personnel involved with radiology should be responsible when it comes to delivering reports and should avoid negligence. They should provide imaging reports that allow for a specialist interpretation of the findings of the images so as to diagnose a patient accordingly or provide for an understanding of their clinical condition. References https://www.millerandzois.com/university-maryland-hospital-malpractice.html Baker, S. R., Patel, R. H., Yang, L., Lelkes, V. M., Castro III, A. (2013). Malpractice suits in chest radiology: an evaluation of the histories of 8265 radiologists.Journal of thoracic imaging,28(6), 388-391. Baker, S. R. (2014). Malpractice Suits against Radiologists. InNotes of a Radiology Watcher(pp. 181-183). Springer International Publishing. Berlin, L., Murphy, D. R., Singh, H. (2014). Breakdowns in communication of radiological findings: an ethical and medico-legal conundrum.Diagnosis,1(4), 263-268. Booth, T. C., Jackson, A., Wardlaw, J. M., Taylor, S. A., Waldman, A. D. (2014). Incidental findings found in healthy volunteers during imaging performed for research: current legal and ethical implications.The British journal of radiology. Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A.,Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L.,Kressel, H. Y. (2015). STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies.Radiology,277(3), 826-832. Cronin, P., Rawson, J. V. (2016). Review of research reporting guidelines for radiology researchers.Academic radiology,23(5), 537-558. Grieve, F. M., Plumb, A. A., Khan, S. H. (2014). Radiology reporting: a general practitioner's perspective.The Australian journal of radiology. Halpin, S. F. S. (2014). Medico-legal claims against English radiologists: 19952006.The Australian journal of radiology. Levine, D., Kressel, H. Y. (2016). 2016: Reviewing for RadiologyReporting Guidelines and Why We Use Them. SrinivasaBabu, A., Brooks, M. L. (2015). The malpractice liability of radiology reports: minimizing the risk.Radiographics,35(2), 547-554. Weiss, D. L., Kim, W., Branstetter, B. F., Prevedello, L. M. (2014). Radiology reporting: a closed-loop cycle from order entry to results communication.Journal of the American College of Radiology,11(12), 1226-1237.

Psychology of Violence Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Crime, Religion

Psychology of Violence By Student Id# CPSY-2009-0884: Yinka L. Humes MGC5311: Psychology of Violence Lecturer: Dr. Pan sy Brown 15 th November 2010 Violence is the exertion of physical force so as to injure or abuse. The word describes forceful human destruction of property or injury to persons, usually intentional, and forceful verbal and emotional abuse that harms others . The causes of violent behavior in humans are often research topics in psychology and sociology . Neurobiologist Jan Volavka emphasizes that for those purposes, "violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person." Scientists disagree on whether violence is inherent in humans. Among prehistoric humans, there is archaeological evidence for both contentions of violence and peacefulness as primary characteristics. Riane Eisler , who describes early matriarchal societies, and Walter Wink , who coined the phrase "the myth of redemptive violence," suggest s that human violence, especially as organized in groups, is a phenomenon of the last five to ten thousand years . The "violent male ape" image is often brought up in discussions of human violence. Dale Peterson and Richard Wrangham in "Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence" write that violence is inherent in humans. However, William L. Ury, editor of a book called "Must We Fight? From the Battlefield to the Schoolyard A New Perspective on Violent Conflict and Its Prevention" debunks the "killer ape" myth in his book which brings together discussions from two Harvard Law School symposiums. The conclusion is that "we also have lots of natural mechanisms for cooperation, to keep conflict in check, to channel aggression, and to overcome conflict. These are just as natural to us as the aggressive tendencies. " J ames Gilligan writes violence is often pursued as an antidote to shame or humiliation. The use of violence often is a source of pride and a defense of honor, especially among males who often believe violence defines manhood. Stephen Pinker in a New Republic article "The History of Violence" offers evidence that on the average the amount and cruelty of violence to humans and animals has decreased over the last few centuries . This view of a situationist , which has both influenced and been informed by a body of social-psychological research and theory, contrasts with the traditional perspective that explains evil behavior in dispositional terms: Internal determinants of antisocial behavior locate evil within individual predispositionsgenetic "bad seeds," personality traits, psychopathological risk factors, and other organismic variables. The situationist approach is to the dispositional as public health models of disease are to medical models. Following basic principles of Lewinian theory, the situationist perspective propels external determinants of behavior to the foreground, well beyond the status as merely extenuating background circumstances. Unique to this situationist approach is the use of experimental laboratory and field research to demonstrate vital phenomena that other approaches only analyze verbally or rely on archival or c orrelational data for answers. The basic pa radigm presented illustrates the relative ease with which ordinary, "good" men and women can be induced into behaving in "evil" ways by turning on or off one or another social situational variable. In religion , ethics , and philosophy , the phrase, good and evil refers to the location of objects, desires, and behaviors on a two-way spectrum , with one direction being morally positive ("good"), and the other morally negative ("evil"). "Good" is a broad concept but it typically deals with an association with life , continuity , happiness , and prosperity . Evil is more simply defined: the opposite of good. The nature of goodness has been given many treatments; one is that the good is based on the natural love , bonding, and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal development; another is that goodness is a product of knowing truth . Evil can be defined as intentionally behaving, or causing others to act, in ways that demean, dehumanize, harm, destroy, or kill innocent people. This behaviorally focused definition makes the individual or group responsible for purposeful, motivated act ions that have a range of negative consequences for other people. The definition excludes accidental or unintended harmful outcomes, as well as the broader, generic forms of